Chip-controlling means for metal-cutting tools.



J. HARTNESS. om coNTRoLLING MEANS ron MBTAMUTTING TooLs.

` APPLIUATIQN FILED snP'r.17.- 190s.

Patented Aug. 20,1912.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

l I l I l J. HARTNESS. om coNTBoLLmG MEANS FOR METAL CUTTING TooLs.

APPLICATION FILED SEPT. 17, 1908.

' Patented Aug. 20, 1912.

2 SEEETSf-SHEBT Z.

w 2. "l vlil l' JAMES HARTNESS, OF SPRINGFIELD, VERMONT.

.CHIP-CONTROLLING MEANS FOR METAL-CUTTING TOOLS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application led September 17, 1908.

Patented Aug. 20, 1912.

Serial N o. 453,383.

To all whom t may concern:

Be it known that I, JAMES HARTNESS, of Springfield, in the county of Windsor and State of Vermont, have invented 4certain new and useful Improvements in Chip-Controlling Means for Metal-Cutting Tools, of which the following is a specification.

This inventio-n has relation to the art of turning or cutting metal.

In the application for Letters Patent Serial No; 452,308, iled September 9, 1908, I have disclosed a machine-controlled turning tool by which I am able to remove masses of metal from the work without materially changing the molecular structure of the removed metal, this being accomplished by the employment of a wedge-shaped cutter which operates, speaking roughly, to split olf the chip instead of crowding, crushing or scraping it off as has previously been done. The'metal is thus removed in a ribbon which, contrary to the usual chip, is

-not made up of a series of chunks of metal more or less firmly united, but forms a substantially continuous tough, laterally strong band. In such case, it becomes necessary to make some disposition of the removed metal andA the object of the present invention is to provide means by which the chip may be controlled on leaving the cutting edge. This'may be accomplished by an instrumentality which I term a deflector, and which is employed for breaking the chip in small sections as it leaves thecutting edge. The deflector may serve either by itself or in conjunction with other instrumentalities, as a chip breaker.

According to the diameterof the work and the character of the particular cutter which is employed, and the thickness of the chip which is removed, the chip may be broken by bending it to a point beyond its breaking strength either laterally, that is flatwise of the chip, or else edgewise.. That is to say, t-he chip may be broken by bending it longitudinally of the axis of the work, or else bending ittransversely of the work. The breaking in either case is accomplished by locating in the path of the chip one or more deflectors which turns the chip from its natural path at such an angle as will effect its fracture. The deiector or deflectors may be located and formed as circumstances dic- .tate. For instance, the delector may be' formed independently of the tool and b fixed at some convenient point with reference to the cutting edge of the cutter. In some instances, I have found it convenient to locate the delector at such an angle with reference to the cutter that the chip is broken by bending it over the lower edge of the top slope of the cutter. The extent to which the chip must vbe deflected in order to effect its breaking, will depend lupon the ductility of the metal being turned, together with the thickness of the chip.I In turning cast iron, for instance, there is practically no need of a deflector for the reason that the masses of metal which are removed from the face of the work, are broken up in small pieces by reason of the character of the metal. In turning more ductile steel or iron, the chip will sometimes bend to a considerable extent without breaking, in which event the detlector or .detlectors must be so located as to insure in relatively short lengths, the break occur- -rlng at some little distance from the point of cleavage. Of course this will depend upon the character of the delectors used and the character of the chip being broken,

for the reason that, where a chip is being/ broken edgewise by a deflector located in its natural path, the break is at or near the point. of cleavage. This is also true where t-hlef deiiector forms a part of the cutter itse I have not attempted on the accompanying drawings to illustrate all the various forms in which the invention may be embodied, but have selected several characteristic forms which I have found in actual practice to be successfully operative.

Referring to the drawings, Figure 1 represents a portion of a bar or piece of work with a chip being moved by a cutter and the los y 7 represents an end elevation of another form of tool embodying the invention.- Fig. 8 represents a front elevation of still another embodimentof the invention in, which two deflectors are utilized. Fig. 9 represents an end elevation of the same.

Fig. 10represents a plan view of the same. Figs. .11 and 12 represent sections through' the tool.

Referring iirst to Fig. 1,' the work which is represented as a bar is indicated at A. The cutter is indicated at B and the detlector at C. -It will be noted that the cutter is provided with acutting edge formed by two faces at an acute angle of substantially 45, more or less. The top slope or outer face of the cutter is. at an obtuse angle to the outer face of the body portion. of the cutter so as to form a corner or fulcruming point. In proximity to the cut-ter is the dei-lector C which has a face or surface at an angle to the natural path of the chip as it is wedged from the face of the work by the cutter B. The result of this construction and arrangement of parts is that, when the chip engages the deiector, it is diverted from it-s natural path and bent about the fulcruining'point on the tool until finally the strain is so great as to break the portion D of the chip as illus'- trated in the figure under discussion. The short section of chip which is then connected to the work moves outV until it engages t-he deflector and is then bent beyond its breaking strength until another section is broken ofi. The delector may be located as desired, provided it is in the natural path of the chip so as to deflect it therefrom and cause it to break.

In Figs. 2 to 7 inclusive, I have illustrated a tool in which the deflector is located substantially as shown in Fig. 1. In' these figures, a holder is shown as indicated at 20. Said holder may be secured by any suitable means to the tool carriage of an engine lathe or to the turret of a turret lathe. Said holder is provided in its face with a' groove formed by two forwardly extending parallel anges 21 and 22. The cutter consists of a '-bar 23 which is substantially triangular in section. It is provided with an inner face 24 and an outer face or top slope 25 which are at an acute Vangle of substantially 45. The top slope of the cutter is at an obtuse angle to the outer face 26 of the cutter so as to form a fulcruming lpoint from which the chip may be broken. It will be observed that the bottom of the tool throughout its length is cylindrically convex and is subtion of the deflector 35. sists of a slide, the inner end of which is v mentioned figure.

stantially concentric with the cutting edge, although in actual practice, the cutting edge is slightly linclined as indicated at 27 in Fig. 2. The cuttery is placed between the flanges 21 and 22, the former having down# wardly projecting lips 28 against which the upper portion of the face 24 rests as shown in Fig. 6. The flange 22 is formed with a concave seat to receive the convex bottom of the tool so as to permit, said tool to oscil- `late more or less about an axis substantially coincident with its cutting edge, in consequence of which the inner face of the cutter may bear against the face of the work without clearance.

The cutter is held against its seat and also against the lips 28 by a flat plate 30, which is located in a 'seat 31 provided for in the holder. The frontedge of this plate is beveled so as to. engage the inner vface of the shank of the tool as shown in Fig. 6, and' it may be forced forward by set screws indicated at 32. The engaging faces of the plate 30 and the cutter are such that, when the plate is forced forward, it tends to force the cutter toward its seat and also to locate it against the lips 28.

For the purpose of limiting the oscillatory movement of the cutter, I provide an abutment screw 33 which may engage the lower portion of the cutter as indicated in Fig. 6. At the end of the holder is formed al transverse dovetailed guideway 34 for the recep- This deiiector concurved as at 36, and which liesA in proximity to thel operative portion -of the cutter, as shown in Fig. 5, so as to lie in the natural path of the chip on leaving the top slope of the cutter. The said abutment may be adjusted and held after adjustment by a screw 37 having a lcollar 38 which engages the end of the abutment as illustrated in the last- With this construction, in which the parts are located substantially as shown in Fig. 1, the chip on leaving the top slope of the cutter is bent laterally or flatvvise at a sufficiently abrupt angle as to effectits fracture in relatively short lengths, such fracture'not taking` place at the point of cleavage of thechip from the face ofthe work, but practically at the bottom of the top slope ofthe cutter. As an instance of construction, it will be seen that the cutter is held against longitudinal movement due to the thrust of the work by a screw bar 39 engaged'by a false nut or nut section 40 formed on theupper end of a pin 41 passed upwardly into the holder, said pin being held in place and being adjustable by means of a screw 42. The screw bar 39 is provided v at its outer end with an angular head 43 by which it may be rotated for the adjustment of the cutter, and at its inner end with a head 44 engaging the end of the cutter.

Instead of breaking a chip about a fulcrum formed on the cutter, it is quite apparent that it might be broken about a fulcru'm formed by some other instrumentality. In Fig. 7, I have illustrated a tool in which two deiiecto-rs are utilized, one serving to effect the fracture of the chip about the other as a fulcrum. In this case the two delectors are indicated at 45 and 46 respectively. The former constitutes an integral part ofthe holder, While thelatter is formed on the clamp Which holds the cutter in position. The deiiector 45 isformd on the end of the holder in the transverse planes of the operative portion 'of the cutting edge o f the cutter. The deiiector 46 consists ofl the reduced end of a clamp 47 which is located in a seat provided for it in the holder. The detlector 46 has a surface 48 emerging into a rounded. corner 49, said surface 48 being at such anfangle to the top slope of the cutter as to cause the outward deflection of the chip. The deiector 45 has a surface 50 which may be plane or curved and which is located at an abrupt angle to the surface 48 of the deiector 46. In consequence of this construction, the chip is deflected outwardly by the deflector 46 until its end comes in contact with vthe face 50 of the deiector 45. As the chip feeds from the work, it is sovdeflected and bent that it ultimately breaks about the rounded corner 49. The chip is shown in dotted lines, and it will be seen that one section is broken off in the manner described.

In Figs. 8 to l2 inclusive, I have illustrated still another embodiment of the invention in which` three detiectors are utilized, one lof them being rotatable and another adjustable. These three delectors are indicated respectively at 51, 52- and 53. The deflector 51 consists of the reduced end of the clamp 54 for the cutter, and it has a surface 55 at an obtuse angle to the top slope of the cutter so as to deflect the chip outwardly. The deflector 52 consists of a slide mounted in a dove-tailed groove in the end of the holder and it has a curved defiecting surface 56 at an obtuse-angle to the surface 55 of the deflector 51. The deflector 52 is adjustable longitudinally and may be secured after adjustment by a set screw 57.

The deflector 53 consists of a roll which niay, be either cylindrical or toothed. shown I have provided this roll with teeth for a purpose to be explained. The roll is formed-on the end of a short shaft 58 which is 4located in an eccentric aperture in a bushing or sleeve 59, located in a cylindrical socket in the end of the holder. The sleeve or bushing may be rotatably adjusted for the purpose of adjusting the roll, and is held, after adjustment, by a set screw' 60. With this construction, the detlector 55 de- 52 which, in turn,

ects the chip tlatwise or-laterally from thetop slope of the tool toward'the deflecior deflects it again so that it will come into engagement with the roll or deflector 53. As a result of these deflections, thechip is ultimately broken\ about the rounded corner of the deiector 51. By providing the deflector 53 with teeth which are spaced apart at some distance as shown, the teeth assist in breaking the chip. The end of the chip comes in contact with o-ne of the teeth and rotates the deflector sothat the next tooth engages the chip and bends it about the corner of the deflector 51 so as to effect its fracture. e

It is quite apparent that, from the foregoing 4description, the invention is capable of' a variety of embodiments and that the deflectors may be located as circumstances or convenience dictate. j

In all of the forms of the invention which I have illustrated, there is a deflecting surface which is suiciently abrupt with respect tothe natural path of the chip to break it in relatively short sections as it is delivered from the rotating metal.

Having thus explained the nature of my said invention and described a way of constructing and using the same although without attempting to set forth all of the forms in which it may be made orall of the modes of its use, what I claim is 1. In a metal-turning'tool, the combinat-ion with a cutter adapted to be fed lengthwise of the work, of a defiector for deflecting the chip removed from the work from its natural path. at an angle to cause said chip to be broken.

2. In a metal-turning tool, the combination/With anelement adapted to be engaged by the chip, of a deflector for bending said chip about said element out of its natural path so as to break said chip. V

3. In a metaleturning tool, the combination of a wedge-shaped cutter adapted to be fed lengthwise of the Work and a chip breaker located at the side of said cutter and formed and arranged with reference to the cutter to deflect the chip formed thereby from its natural path and to break it into short sections. 4. In a metal-turning tool, the combination with a cutter, of Va plurality of deflectors having opposing surfaces for bending the chip removed by the cut-ter first in one direction and then in another'so as to break it.

5. In a metal-turning tool, the combination with a cutter, -ofa plurality of deflectors for bending the chlp removed by the cutter so as to break it, and means for rotatably supporting one of said deflectors.

6. In a metal-turning tool, a support, a cutter adapted to be fed lengthwise ofthe Work and arranged on said support and having a cutting edge, and a defiector on said support .separated from said cutter to allow the: chip to pass between them, said deector being so located with respect to the natural path of the chip as to break it* into sections. L-

7. In a metal-turning tool, a support, a cutter thereon adapted to be fed lengthwise of the work and consisting of a bar or shank having a longitudinal cutting edge, and a chip-breaking deflector separated from said cutter. to allow the chipy to pass between them, andv having an abrupt surface to bend said chip out of its natural path sutliciently to break it into sections.

8. In a metal-turning tool, a cutter `having a longitudinal cutting edge, a 'support on which said cutter is mounted, and a delector, mounted on ,said support beside buty separated `from said cutter to bend said chip from its natural path.

9, In a metal-turning tool, a holder, a cutter thereon, "xa fulcrumand a deector separated from said fulcrum to provide a space vfor the reception of achip from said cutter,

the chip out of its natural path to a breaking angle. y

11. In a metal-turning tool, a cutter consisting of a bar having on its sides an inner face'and a top slope forming a cutting edge lengthwise of said bar, a fulcrum located with reference'to said cutting edge to permit the chip to ride over it., and adel'lector spaced from said fulcrum to permit the passage of the chip between them, said deflector having a chip-engaging surface abrupt to the natural path of the chip.

12. In a metal-turning tool, a cutter adapted to be fed lengthwise of the work and consisting of a bar having a lengthwise Vcutting edge, a deilector located by the side -of the bar adjacent said cutting edge but separated therefrom to receive between them the chip produced by the cutter, and abrupt 'to the natural path of the chip to bend it to -a breaking angle, and a support forA said' cutter and said deflector.

13. In a, metal-turning tool, a support, a

cutter seated on said support and having a lengthwise cutting edge, oppositely arranged delectors separated to permit the passage of-the chip and located at the side of said. cutter but adjacent vsaid cutting edge, said delectors having chip-breaking surfaces for bending the chip first in one direction and then in the other.

In testimony whereof I have aliixed my signature, in presence of two witnesses.

. JAMES HARTNESS. Witnesses ,FRED B. GILL,

J. W. WALKER. 

